| 海绵状血管瘤（脑海绵状血管畸形）海绵状血管瘤是脑或脊髓的血管畸形，由薄壁扩张的血管腔构成，可引起出血或癫痫发作。 |
| 脑动脉瘤脑动脉瘤是因脑血管壁薄弱而形成的囊状膨出；破裂可导致危及生命的蛛网膜下腔出血。 |
| Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a congenital vascular anomaly in which brain arteries connect directly to veins without an intervening capillary network. Its most important risk is intracranial hemorrhage; the decision to treat is individualized by balancing rupture risk against procedural risk. |
| Carotid Artery Disease (Carotid Stenosis)Carotid artery disease is a narrowing of the main neck arteries (carotid arteries) caused by atherosclerotic plaque. It reduces blood flow to the brain and raises the risk of ischemic stroke; it is often silent, and fragments breaking off the plaque can block downstream vessels. |
| Cervicocerebral Artery DissectionCervicocerebral artery dissection is a condition in which blood seeps between the wall layers of the neck and brain arteries (carotid or vertebral artery), causing narrowing or occlusion of the vessel. It is an important cause of stroke in young and middle-aged adults. |
| Chronic Subdural HematomaA chronic subdural hematoma is an old blood collection that accumulates slowly over weeks to months between the dura and arachnoid membranes covering the brain. It is most common in older adults and people on blood thinners; most cases are successfully treated with burr-hole drainage. |
| Dural Arteriovenous Fistula (DAVF)A dural arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal direct connection between arteries in the brain's covering (dura) and venous sinuses or cortical veins. Its risk depends on the direction of venous drainage; types with reflux into cortical veins carry a higher hemorrhage risk. |
| Hemorrhagic Stroke (Brain Hemorrhage)Hemorrhagic stroke is a sudden, life-threatening neurological emergency caused by spontaneous bleeding into the brain tissue (intracerebral hemorrhage). It accounts for about 10-20% of all strokes; the most common cause is uncontrolled high blood pressure. |
| Ischemic StrokeIschemic stroke is an acute neurological emergency caused by blockage of a brain-supplying artery by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and causing cell death. It accounts for about 85% of all strokes; time to treatment is critical. |
| Moyamoya DiseaseMoyamoya disease is a rare cerebrovascular disorder marked by progressive narrowing of the main brain arteries and a compensatory network of fine, tortuous collateral vessels. It tends to cause ischemic events in children and hemorrhagic events in adults. |
| Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a stroke-like episode caused by a brief reduction in brain blood flow, usually lasting under an hour and resolving completely without permanent damage. Although it leaves no permanent infarct, it warns of a high risk of stroke and requires urgent evaluation. |